S described elsewhere [79]. For molecular and biochemical assays, cerebella were snap-frozen in a dry ice-methanol bath and stored at -80 . We studied cerebellar tissue because the cerebellum: 1) requires intact insulin/IGF signaling to maintain its structural and functional integrity [80,81]; 2) is severely damaged by i.c.-STZ mediated neurodegeneration [19,22]; 3) although relatively spared, it

Ause mitochondrial dysfunction [16], ATP deficiency [25] and apoptosis. The structural similarities between STZ and nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) [26], together with experimental evidence that high doses of STZ cause cancer while lower doses cause diabetes or AD-type neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment [15,16,22] led us to hypothesiz

Res of AD cerebellar atrophy include, reductions in Purkinje cell population, atrophy of the molecular and granule cell layers [68], increased amyloid deposition and gliosis in the cortex [69]; increased ubiquitin-immunoreactivity in senile plaques and degenerating neurites [70]; extensive abnormalities in dendritic spine density and synaptic structure in vestibulocerebellar, visual, and auditory

Terbalance the tendency of two other major neurotransmitters in the brain dopamine and noradrenaline to encourage overarousal, fear, anger, tension, aggression, violence, obsessive-compulsive actions, overeating, anxiety and sleep disturbances [60].Page 8 of(page number not for citation purposes)BMC Physiology 2009, 9:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6793/9/ConclusionThe present results revealed

Urs), rats were sacrificed by i.p. injection of pentobarbital (120 mg/kg). Blood and cerebella were harvested immediately. Blood or serum was used to measure glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acid levels, as previously described [45,46]. Cerebella were harvested for histopathological, biochemical, and molecular studies. For histopathology, tissue samples were immersion f

S described elsewhere [79]. For molecular and biochemical assays, cerebella were snap-frozen in a dry ice-methanol bath and stored at -80 . We studied cerebellar tissue because the cerebellum: 1) requires intact insulin/IGF signaling to maintain its structural and functional integrity [80,81]; 2) is severely damaged by i.c.-STZ mediated neurodegeneration [19,22]; 3) although relatively spared, it

Urs), rats were sacrificed by i.p. injection of pentobarbital (120 mg/kg). Blood and cerebella were harvested immediately. Blood or serum was used to measure glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acid levels, as previously described [45,46]. Cerebella were harvested for histopathological, biochemical, and molecular studies. For histopathology, tissue samples were immersion f

Lyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and immunodetection reagents were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA), Upstate (Billerica, MA), Chemicon (Temecula, CA), or Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). The insulin ultra-sensitive ELISA kit was obtained from ALPCO Diagnostics (Salem, NH). Histochoice fixative was purchased from Amresco, Inc (Solon, OH). Antibodies to tumo